Essential Guide to Choosing Large Bird Cages for Parrots

Spacious large cage designed for parrots with multiple perches and toys

Intro

When it comes to selecting the right large bird cage for your parrot, thinking through all the details is key. These beautiful creatures, with their vibrant colors and charming personalities, deserve a home that caters to their needs. The dimensions of the cage, the materials used, and the specific requirements for different parrot species can dictate how happy and healthy your feathered friend ends up being. In this article, we will delve into the essential considerations and provide tips to create a cozy environment for your parrot.

Caring for parrots isn’t just about providing food and water; it’s an entire lifestyle. Understanding their behavior, nutrition preferences, space requirements, and emotional well-being is crucial if you're aiming for a fulfilled and thriving pet. Let's explore these factors step by step.

Understanding Parrots and Their Needs

Understanding parrots and their unique needs is pivotal when it comes to choosing the right bird cage. These creatures are not just pets; they are intelligent, social beings with distinct characteristics, habits, and behaviors. Failing to acknowledge their specific requirements can lead to an environment that is both uncomfortable and less than ideal for their health and well-being.

When selecting a large cage for parrots, it's important to consider factors such as their size, activity levels, and social behaviors. For instance, a cage that is too small can restrict their natural movements and lead to stress. Conversely, a cage that meets their needs undoubtably enhances their quality of life. Thus, understanding parrots helps prospective owners create a nurturing habitat where these birds can thrive.

The Unique Characteristics of Parrots

Parrots come in various shapes and sizes, each species having its own unique traits. From the vibrant feathers of the Macaw to the talkative Nature of the African Grey, their remarkable characteristics require thoughtful consideration when choosing a habitat. Parrots are naturally wired to be curious and social, making interactions with their environment vital. Having a cage that can accommodate their needs encourages playfulness and eases potential behavioral issues.

Factors Influencing Cage Size

Understanding the specifics around cage size is crucial. Not all cages are created equal, especially when it comes to sizing them for various parrot species.

Species Size

The size of a parrot significantly influences the dimensions required for their cage. Larger birds such as the Blue-and-yellow Macaw need ample space to spread their wings and move around. These birds can grow up to 33 inches long, so it’s essential to select a cage that offers plenty of room for them to be active.

Key characteristic: Size directly affects comfort. A popular choice for taller cages is that they allow for vertical movement, something that big parrots find important. This ensures that the cage isn’t just a box, but an enriching space. Having sufficient height reduces the chances of the bird feeling cramped or stressed, promoting a happier, healthier life.

Activity Level

It's vital to account for a parrot's activity level when selecting a cage. Parrots are generally energetic; they enjoy climbing, flapping, and swinging about. Depending on the individual's needs, a larger cage can provide the freedom to play without restrictions.

Key characteristic: Activity levels vary across species. For instance, an active bird like the Cockatoo will need more horizontal and vertical space to engage in different activities. A cage that allows for engagement reduces the chance of boredom that can lead to destructive behaviors.

Social Behavior

Social creatures like parrots thrive on interaction, not only with their human owners but also with other birds if kept together. As they are known to be highly social, their living space should allow for the dynamic interaction that promotes healthy relationships.

Key characteristic: Social behaviors impact cage design. A cage that is well-planned in terms of space can accommodate multiple perches and toys, thus encouraging play and interaction. This ultimately leads to reduced stress and fosters a happier, more vocal environment.

In summary, understanding the unique characteristics, factors influencing size, activity levels, and social behaviors of parrots is fundamental in selecting a suitable cage that caters to both their physical needs and psychological well-being. A well-chosen cage can act as a sanctuary, enabling parrots to express their natural behaviors, interact with their surroundings, and enjoy a fulfilling life.

Selecting the Right Cage Dimensions

Getting the right dimensions for a large bird cage is no small potatoes, especially when it comes to parrots. Choosing the appropriate size can make a world of difference in your parrot's overall health and happiness. Parrots are lively creatures with a penchant for climbing, flying, and stretching their wings. This means their living space should be as accommodating as possible. When you’re selecting a cage, think of it not just as a living space but as an essential component of their environment that fosters their natural behaviors.

Height Considerations

Height matters more than you might think. Many might assume that bigger is better, but it’s a bit more nuanced than that. Parrots, depending on their species, thrive in various vertical spaces. For instance, larger parrots like macaws need a cage that offers enough height for them to fully spread their wings and maybe even do a little hop from perch to perch. A cage that's too short can inhibit these natural behaviors and lead to a less fulfilling life for these intelligent beings.

A good rule of thumb is to aim for a cage height that’s at least equal to the bird’s outstretched wingspan, with some additional space to spare. This extra room allows for vertical climbing and doesn’t make them feel cramped. You wouldn’t want to live in a shoebox, right?

Width and Depth Requirements

Width and depth are equally critical in the grand scheme of things. A spacious cage gives your parrot the freedom to move about without feeling like they are navigating through a labyrinth. While a tall cage might boast impressive height, if it’s not wide enough, your parrot might feel more like a prisoner than the free spirit that they are.

For most parrots, a minimum width of two feet is ideal. This ensures they have enough room to stretch their wings and take a few flapping flights without bumping into the sides. As for depth, a similar guideline applies—around two feet is a good starting point.

A well-structured cage layout might include the following:

At least two perches situated at different heights
Hanging toys to entice climbing and interaction
Feeding and water stations placed away from each other to encourage movement

Putting it all together, the right dimensions should create an enriching space that promotes activity and exploration. After all, a happy parrot is a healthy parrot!

"A cage isn't just a box, it's a bird's sanctuary. Making it roomy helps them soar even in captivity."

Different materials commonly used in large parrot cages

Taking the time to consider height, width, and depth while selecting a cage dimensions isn't just about checking boxes on a list. It's about giving your feathered friend the best chance at a fulfilling and engaging life. After hatching their mental map for the dimensions, you'll be a step closer to providing an enriching habitat that resonates with their lively nature.

Choosing Appropriate Materials

Selecting the right materials for your parrot's cage is critical for their overall health and comfort. Not all materials are created equal, and the choice you make will significantly affect your bird's quality of life. Durability, safety, and ease of maintenance are paramount when considering the appropriate materials. The housing environment should reflect the specific behaviors and habits of parrots to ensure they feel secure and happy.

Metal vs. Plastic Conflicts

When you look at cages, you'll quickly notice that they come in various materials, primarily metal and plastic. Metal cages are typically more durable and can withstand a parrot's strong beak. Stainless steel is often the best choice as it’s corrosion-resistant and can be cleaned easily. On the other hand, older and cheaper metal cages may have harmful coatings that can flake off and harm your bird.

Plastic, while lightweight and often colorful, may not be the best material for a permanent home. It's prone to scratches and may harbor bacteria if not cleaned properly. A parrot can also chew through certain types of plastic, leading to safety concerns. It’s essential to do a bit of homework on the specific type of plastic used in the cage you're considering. An alternative approach could involve having a metal cage with well-designed plastic accessories that can add vibrancy without compromising safety.

"Choosing a durable cage may seem like a small detail, but it’s where comfort and security start for your feathery friend."

Safety Concerns with Coatings

This topic can’t be overstated. Many metal cages have coatings, often painted or powder-coated, that can be more dangerous than they appear. Certain coatings may contain toxic substances that could potentially be fatal if ingested or inhaled over time. Before you buy, sniff test the cage to detect any unpleasant odors that could indicate harmful chemicals. Look for cages specifically labeled as non-toxic, and check for any information or certifications from the manufacturer.

Moreover, regular upkeep is essential in maintaining a safe environment. Chips and scratches can expose dangerous materials; therefore, inspecting the cage frequently for any signs of damage is part of responsible bird ownership. Always opt for reputable brands that prioritize the safety of pets in their designs and materials.

Design Elements of a Suitable Cage

Choosing the right cage for your parrot goes far beyond mere aesthetics. Design elements fundamentally influence the comfort, engagement, and overall well-being of your feathered friend. A well-thought-out cage design can mimic a natural environment, providing birds with opportunities to exercise, explore, and seek comfort as they would in the wild. Understanding the nuances of cage design and how specific features cater to a parrot's physical and psychological needs is critical.

Bar Spacing and Configuration

The spacing between bars is not just a technical specification; it’s a lifeline for a parrot. Too much space can lead to unfortunate escapades or injuries, especially for smaller species. On the flip side, bars that are too close together can feel claustrophobic and lead to undue stress.

General Guidelines: For most medium to large parrots, aim for a bar spacing of 0.5 to 1 inch. Moluccan cockatoos or African grey parrots need something in between.
Configuration Matters: Beyond spacing, the overall bar configuration also plays a role. Vertical bars might promote climbing; horizontal bars can serve as valuable perches.

When selecting a cage, think about how your parrot interacts with the bars. Does it enjoy climbing or simply resting? Configurations can make a significant difference in their daily activities. Incorporating multiple perch locations, served by a combination of both vertical and horizontal bars, thus enhances their spatial navigation.

"Inadequate bar spacing can turn a home into a prison; get your measurements right for their freedom"

Doors and Access Features

While the bars keep your parrot secure, the doors and access features are the bridge between freedom and confinement. Consider the placement and size of the door. A large sliding door can make accessing your bird simpler, reducing stress. It’s essential to avoid smaller doors that might inadvertently trap limbs or feathers.

Considerations: Also worth investigating are the locks and latches. A simple push-button might suffice for a calm budgie, but more complex mechanisms are necessary for larger, more inquisitive species. Some birds are escape artists, and they tend to outwit simple locks very quickly. It’s always better to be safe than sorry.
Accessibility: Beyond the design, easy access for cleaning is also paramount. A cage that looks great won’t be any good if you can’t reach the corners to scrub away scuff marks or uneaten food. Look for designs with larger doors or removable trays, which allow for simple maintenance without windows into the intricate workings of feathered life.

The right access features will ensure a loving bond is maintained between you and your parrot, facilitating regular interaction and minimizing stress during cleaning or adjustments.

By focusing on these design aspects, the cage will not only become a home but also an enriching habitat that aligns with the natural instincts of your parrot.

Cage Accessories for Enrichment

When it comes to creating a thriving habitat for parrots, the right accessories can make all the difference. Birds, especially parrots, are not just pets; they are curious, intelligent creatures that require mental and physical stimulation to lead happy and healthy lives. Adding accessories to their cages transforms a simple enclosure into a vibrant haven of exploration and social interaction.

Benefits of Accessories
Incorporating accessories can help mimic the natural environment parrots would find in the wild, thus promoting positive behavior and reducing stress. Some notable benefits include:

Mental Stimulation: Toys, perches, and food puzzles spark curiosity and keep your parrot mentally engaged.
Physical Exercise: Interactive accessories encourage movement, which is essential for their overall health.
Social Interaction: Items like swings or ladders can also promote playfulness and social behaviors.

Perches and Their Placement

Perches are fundamental to any parrot's cage. They serve not only as resting spots but also as platforms where birds can observe their surroundings and engage in various activities. Choosing the right perches and placing them correctly can enhance their quality of life tremendously.

Types of Perches: When selecting perches, consider those made from natural wood, as they often vary in diameter and texture, providing a more natural experience. It's best to avoid plastic perches, since these can be too smooth and not beneficial for their feet.
Height Variation: Positioning perches at different heights within the cage mirrors the natural trees parrots would perch on. This encourages climbing and jumping, essential for exercise.
Spacing: Ensure there’s enough space between the perches, allowing your parrot to move freely. Too cramped an environment can be stressful, and negative behaviors may emerge.
Accessibility: Always keep in mind that perches should be easily accessible from other areas in the cage. Parrots should not struggle to get from one perch to another.

Toys and Creating Engagement

Toys are not just fun; they are crucial for a parrot's mental and physical wellbeing. Different types of toys cater to varying needs, from foraging to cognitive challenges. Providing a variety of toys offers enrichment in several ways:

Foraging Toys: These toys mimic the search for food that parrots would do in the wild. Hide treats within specific toys to encourage foraging behaviors, which keeps them mentally active.
Destruction Toys: Birds naturally chew and shred materials. Toys made from paper, wood or cardboard can satisfy this instinct. Look for items that can be easily replaced as they get worn out.
Interactive Toys: These can include puzzles that require manipulation to access a reward. This type of engagement provides mental stimulation and keeps boredom at bay.

Ideal placement of a large bird cage in a living space

"Parrots are explorers at heart; the more engaging the environment, the more satisfied they are."

Regular Rotation: Just like humans can get bored with the same old routine, so can parrots. Rotating their toys regularly can sustain interest and fascination.
Supervised Playtime: Whenever possible, allow your parrot to play outside their cage with supervised access to safe toys. This opens doors to new adventures and enriches their experience.

Choosing the proper cage accessories and creating an engaging environment contributes to your parrot's overall happiness and wellbeing. From perches to toys, consider your bird's needs and preferences when selecting accessories. With the right approach, you can craft a cage environment that not only meets the basic needs of your parrot but also fosters a lively and enriched lifestyle.

Maintenance Requirements

Taking care of a parrot means more than just providing a cage and food. One crucial aspect that ought not to be overlooked is the maintenance of the bird's habitat. This signifies ensuring the cage remains clean, safe, and stimulating. Regular maintenance not only bolsters the health of the bird but also fosters a nurturing environment that encourages exploration and play.

A clean cage reduces the risk of disease and viruses, which can spread like wildfire among birds in close quarters. Furthermore, regular cleaning routines and maintenance strategies allow you to spot potential hazards, from loose parts to worn-out toys. When you make maintenance a habit, you’re not just keeping the space tidy; you’re also showing your feathered friend that you care about their wellbeing.

Daily Cleaning Routines

Carving out time each day for cleaning might seem like a chore, but think of it as bonding time. Start by removing any uneaten food, as it can attract unwanted pests. You should also clear away droppings from the perches and floor of the cage. With a damp cloth or safe, bird-friendly cleaning solution, wipe down surfaces to prevent build-up.

Here’s a quick checklist for daily routines:

Check food and water: Refresh daily to ensure it’s clean and safe.
Remove leftovers: Old food can become a breeding ground for bacteria.
Spot clean droppings: A simple wipe down can go a long way in maintaining hygiene.
Check for hazards: Look for sharp edges or broken parts in the cage that might need attention.

These habits can keep the cage in good shape and keep a keen eye on your pet's health.

Deep Cleaning Procedures

While daily tasks are important, deep cleaning is akin to giving your parrot's cage a mini-makeover. Depending on the activities in your household, a thorough cleaning might be needed weekly or bi-weekly. During deep cleaning, you'll want to disassemble what you can.

First, remove all toys, perches, and food dishes. Soak these items in a solution that's safe for birds, typically a mixture of vinegar and water. While those are soaking, scrub the cage’s surfaces with a gentle brush to dislodge any residue. Use hot water and the same vinegar solution, making sure to rinse thoroughly to remove any cleaning agent residue.

After everything is cleaned, dry the cage completely before putting the accessories back in place. Take care to reintroduce toys and perches that capture your parrot's interest. A deep clean does wonders:

Removes stubborn stains and odors.
Prevents the build-up of bacteria and fungi.
Allows for inspection of the cage structure and accessories.

"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."

In short, setting aside time for both daily routines and deeper cleaning tasks makes for a healthy and vibrant home for your feathered friend.

Safety Considerations

When it comes to caring for parrots, ensuring their safety is paramount. Understanding what safety considerations are essential when choosing a large cage can make all the difference in the well-being of your feathered friend. The right cage not only provides a physical home but also a space where they can thrive mentally and emotionally.

Selecting the ideal cage should encompass a variety of factors that play into safety. A cage that is safe will prevent potential escapes, injuries, and even harm from hazardous materials or items. Moreover, being prepared for potential emergencies can enhance your capability to respond effectively, ensuring your pet's safety becomes a top priority.

"Safety is not a luxury; it is a fundamental requirement for those who wish to provide the best for their avian companions."

Hazardous Items to Avoid

A large bird cage may look perfect on the outside, but it is crucial to know what features or items can pose serious risks to your parrot. Here are some hazardous materials that should be avoided:

Non-Stainless Metal: Some metals could be harmful, such as zinc or lead. Look for cages made of stainless steel, as this material is durable and safer for birds.
Toxic Coatings: Paint or powder coatings can sometimes have toxins. Always ensure that the cage's surface is safe for birds.
Sharp Edges and Points: Inspect for any sharp areas that could injure your parrot. Rounded corners are best.
Choking Hazards: Be mindful of any small parts, such as hooks and clasps, that might break off and become digestible. Keeping the cage simple can help avoid this potential risk.

To summarize, ensure to regularly check for these hazardous items within and around the cage as birds are curious creatures and might chew on or interact with unfamiliar objects.

Emergency Preparedness

Being prepared for emergencies is vital when caring for parrots. For instance, knowing what to do in case of a fire, severe weather, or injury can make a significant difference in their safety and your peace of mind. Here are some simple steps to incorporate emergency preparedness into your routine:

Have a Plan: Make sure your family knows the steps to take in case of an emergency involving your pets. Discuss where they should go and how to safely evacuate your parrots.
Emergency Kit: Assemble a pet emergency kit. Include basic supplies such as food, water, a leash, travel cages, and medical records. This will less likely cause a fuss at the last minute.
Veterinarian Contacts: Keep your vet’s contact number readily available and have a backup in case of an emergency where you might need quick advice or assistance.
Transport Readiness: Ensure you have a secure, small pet carrier on hand that can safely house your parrot in an emergency.

Incorporating these safety measures can make a significant difference. A little preparation goes a long way in making sure your parrot remains safe, giving you confidence as you navigate potential risks that arise.

Eco-Friendly Choices

Making environmentally conscious decisions when it comes to bird cages can serve both the planet and the parrots that call them home. Numerous pet owners strive for sustainability, and choosing the right cage represents a meaningful step towards this. Parrots, by nature, can be quite demanding, and their living conditions should harmonize with our environmental responsibilities. Therefore, understanding eco-friendly options is fundamental for anyone keen on providing a suitable habitat while also considering their carbon footprint.

Variety of enrichment items for parrots in a spacious cage

Sustainable Materials

When shopping for a large bird cage, the material used is a crucial factor. Opting for sustainable materials not only contributes positively to the environment but also impacts the safety of your feathered friend. Here are some materials to consider:

Bamboo: This rapidly renewable plant is a stellar choice. It grows quickly and requires minimal resources to flourish. Birdcages made from bamboo are sturdy yet light, often featuring a natural aesthetic that can blend well into your home.
Recycled metals: Selecting cages made from recycled metals can be a significant way to minimize waste. These materials can be nearly as safe and durable as new metals while reducing the demand for raw extraction.
Non-toxic woods: If opting for wood, consider those that are sustainably sourced. For example, reclaimed wood not only reduces deforestation impacts but can also add a touch of character to a cage. However, ensure that the wood is free from harmful chemicals often used in treatment processes.
Natural fiber: Some cages incorporate natural fibers from cotton or seagrass. These materials can be biodegradable, helping your ecological efforts while providing comfort for your birds.

Using such materials contributes on multiple levels, allowing parrots to live in an environment that reflects nature, which can also positively affect their well-being.

Recycling Old Cages

Recycling an old cage can be an excellent way to minimize waste and extend the life of a product that has served its purpose. If you're upgrading your bird's home, rather than discarding the old cage, consider these eco-friendly options:

Refurbishing: Often, old cages just need a little TLC. Cleaning, repainting with non-toxic paint, or replacing worn out parts can make the cage safe and like-new. This not only saves money but prevents unnecessary waste.
Donating: If the cage is still in reasonable condition, consider donating it to a local rescue, shelter, or bird enthusiast group. Some organizations can repair and repurpose the cage, allowing it to serve a new purpose. This benefits other birds waiting for homes.
Repurposing: Get creative! Old cages can be turned into decorative plant holders, quirky art pieces, or even storage solutions for pet supplies. This way, instead of ending up in a landfill, they find a new life that adds charm to your space.
Community Swaps: Participating in local community exchanges can help others who are also looking to adopt birds. You can trade your old cage for another while keeping waste to a minimum and helping fellow bird lovers at the same time.

In summary, embracing eco-friendly choices when considering large bird cages for parrots not only reflects a commitment to environmental stewardship but also fosters a more enriching and safer environment for your birds. The choices you make not only impact your feathered companion but also resonate with a broader vision for protecting and preserving the planet. This thoughtful approach to cage selection, from materials to recycling options, captures an essence that transcends simple ownership, aligning with values of sustainability and responsibility.

Understanding Parrot Behavior

Understanding parrot behavior is crucial when selecting the perfect large bird cage for your feathered friend. Parrots, known for their vibrant personalities and social nature, require specific environments that cater to their needs. A well-chosen cage not only keeps your parrot safe but also promotes healthy behaviors and overall well-being.

Recognizing how these birds interact with each other and their surroundings can deeply influence decisions related to cage size, design, and arrangement of accessories. By diving into the intricacies of parrot behavior, owners can prevent common issues that stem from a mismatch between the bird’s needs and their living space.

Social Interactions in Captivity

Parrots are inherently social creatures. In the wild, they thrive in flocks, engaging in various activities that include grooming, playing, and vocalizing. When considering their well-being in captivity, it's vital to replicate aspects of this social environment as much as possible.

A spacious cage allows for multiple perches and toys, which fosters interaction, both with other birds (if you have more than one) and with human caregivers. Here are some key points regarding social interactions in captivity:

Companionship: Having a companion parrot can help alleviate loneliness, but it’s important to ensure compatibility between species and personalities.
Engagement: Owners should spend quality time with their birds, talking, playing, and allowing them out of the cage for supervised exploration.
Stimulation: Choose toys that encourage social play, like foraging toys or those that require interaction. This keeps the parrot’s mental state active and reduces boredom.

Creating an atmosphere where a parrot feels socially fulfilled will enhance its happiness and health.

Stress Indicators and Solutions

Despite the joy that owning a parrot can bring, these birds are typically sensitive creatures. Stress can arise from various sources, including environmental changes, lack of social interaction, or even an inadequately sized cage. Recognizing the indicators of stress is essential in maintaining your parrot's mental wellness.

Common signs of stress in parrots include:

Feather plucking or self-mutilation
Excessive screaming or vocalizations
Loss of appetite
Changes in preening behavior

If a parrot exhibits any of these signs, it’s crucial to assess their environment and provision. Here are some strategies to mitigate stress:

Environmental Enrichment: Ensure their living space is stimulating. Add new toys, rotate their favorites, and introduce foraging challenges to keep their minds engaged.
Companionship: If feasible, introduce another parrot, but do so with caution. Take time for slow introductions to establish a healthy relationship.
Regular Interaction: Spend time daily talking and playing with your bird to provide comfort and companionship.
Routine: Maintain a consistent daily routine for feeding, socialization, and cage cleaning to create a sense of stability.

"A happy parrot is a healthy parrot; behavioral understanding is the first step to fostering this happiness."

In summation, understanding parrot behavior plays a pivotal role in the overall selection and setup of their living environment. Being aware of their social needs and stress indicators will lead to not just a more comfortable cage but a more fulfilling life for your avian companion.

Best Practices for Bird Cage Setup

Setting up your parrot’s cage is not just about plopping it down in any corner and calling it a day. A well-thought-out cage setup plays a crucial role in your bird’s mental and physical well-being. By considering the placement and environmental influence, you can help ensure your parrot enjoys a healthy, happy life.

Placement in the Home

When deciding where to place your bird's cage, the location is paramount. Parrots are social creatures; they thrive when they are part of the household activities. Thus, placing the cage in a common area, such as the living room or family room, allows your parrot to feel involved rather than isolated. Ideally:

Choose a spot that’s away from drafts, direct sunlight, and extreme temperatures.
Ensure that the location is safe from other pets that might frighten your feathered friend.
Position the cage at eye level or slightly above – birds feel more secure when they can see their surroundings without feeling cornered.

A general rule of thumb is to keep the cage where you spend most of your time. This way, your parrot will feel included and can observe daily goings-on. It’s also important that the cage is easily accessible for routine cleaning and maintenance.

Effect of Environment on Behavior

The environment surrounding the cage has a direct impact on your parrot’s behavior and mood. Parrots are very perceptive and can easily pick up on stressors in their surroundings. To create a serene space:

Minimize loud noises and sudden movements near the cage.
Use natural lighting as much as possible, but ensure it’s filtered. A shaded area can be made with curtains if needed.
Incorporate various perches and toys into the cage, ensuring they are at different heights, to mimic a natural habitat and encourage exploration.

Remember, a boring or overly stressful environment can lead to behavioral issues such as screaming, feather plucking, or even depression. Adding in some houseplants (non-toxic of course) around the cage not only enhances aesthetics but can also provide a calming effect, giving your parrot a sense of tranquility.

"An enriched environment is key for fostering your parrot's natural behaviors. It’s not just what’s inside the cage, but also what’s around it."

By considering these setup factors carefully, you will go a long way toward providing your feathered friend with a safe and stimulating habitat, which is essential for their happiness and longevity.

Have More wonderful Articles: